The manifold interfaces of ICS components put IT systems, software, and transmitted information at an increased risk of manipulation. Depending on the motivation and knowledge of a potential attacker, this may have effects locally or across multiple locations.

Furthermore, status and alarm messages or other measured values may be suppressed or changed.

Manipulated measurements may cause ICS components or the personnel operating them to make improper decisions. Manipulated systems may be used to attack other systems or locations, or to cover up an ongoing manipulation.