+SC [L] System and Communications Protection
---+SC-01 [L] Policy and Procedures
---+SC-05 [L] Denial-of-service Protection
---+SC-07 [L] Boundary Protection
---+SC-12 [L] Cryptographic Key Establishment and Management
---+SC-13 [L] Cryptographic Protection
---+SC-15 [L] Collaborative Computing Devices and Applications
---+SC-20 [L] Secure Name/Address Resolution Service (Authoritative Source)
---+SC-21 [L] Secure Name/Address Resolution Service (Recursive or Caching Resolver)
---+SC-22 [L] Architecture and Provisioning for Name/Address Resolution Service
---+SC-39 [L] Process Isolation

SC [L] System and Communications Protection

System and Communications Protection

1. Ħarsa ġenerali

SC-01 [L] Policy and Procedures

Control

  1. Develop, document, and disseminate to [Assignement: organization-defined personnel or roles]:
    1. [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy that:
      1. Addresses purpose, scope, roles, responsibilities, management commitment, coordination among organizational entities, and compliance; and
      2. Is consistent with applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines; and
    2. Procedures to facilitate the implementation of the system and communications protection policy and the associated system and communications protection controls;
  2. Designate an [Assignement: official] to manage the development, documentation, and dissemination of the system and communications protection policy and procedures; and
  3. Review and update the current system and communications protection:
    1. Policy [Assignement: frequency] and following [Assignement: events] ; and
    2. Procedures [Assignement: frequency] and following [Assignement: events].

Discussion

System and communications protection policy and procedures address the controls in the SC family that are implemented within systems and organizations. The risk management strategy is an important factor in establishing such policies and procedures. Policies and procedures contribute to security and privacy assurance. Therefore, it is important that security and privacy programs collaborate on the development of system and communications protection policy and procedures. Security and privacy program policies and procedures at the organization level are preferable, in general, and may obviate the need for mission- or system-specific policies and procedures. The policy can be included as part of the general security and privacy policy or be represented by multiple policies that reflect the complex nature of organizations. Procedures can be established for security and privacy programs, for mission or business processes, and for systems, if needed. Procedures describe how the policies or controls are implemented and can be directed at the individual or role that is the object of the procedure. Procedures can be documented in system security and privacy plans or in one or more separate documents. Events that may precipitate an update to system and communications protection policy and procedures include assessment or audit findings, security incidents or breaches, or changes in applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines. Simply restating controls does not constitute an organizational policy or procedure.

Assessment Objective

    1. a system and communications protection policy is developed and documented;
    2. the system and communications protection policy is disseminated to [Assignement: personnel or roles];
    3. system and communications protection procedures to facilitate the implementation of the system and communications protection policy and associated system and communications protection controls are developed and documented;
    4. the system and communications protection procedures are disseminated to [Assignement: personnel or roles];
        1. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy addresses purpose;
        2. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy addresses scope;
        3. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy addresses roles;
        4. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy addresses responsibilities;
        5. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy addresses management commitment;
        6. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy addresses coordination among organizational entities;
        7. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy addresses compliance;
      2. the [Selection(one-or-more): organization-level; mission/business-process-level; system-level] system and communications protection policy is consistent with applicable laws, Executive Orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines;
  2. the [Assignement: official] is designated to manage the development, documentation, and dissemination of the system and communications protection policy and procedures;
      1. the current system and communications protection policy is reviewed and updated [Assignement: frequency];
      2. the current system and communications protection policy is reviewed and updated following [Assignement: events];
      1. the current system and communications protection procedures are reviewed and updated [Assignement: frequency];
      2. the current system and communications protection procedures are reviewed and updated following [Assignement: events].

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy system and communications protection procedures system security plan privacy plan risk management strategy documentation audit findings other relevant documents or records

Interview

Organizational personnel with system and communications protection responsibilities organizational personnel with information security and privacy responsibilities
SC-05 [L] Denial-of-service Protection

Control

  1. [Selection: protect against; limit] the effects of the following types of denial-of-service events: [Assignement: types of denial-of-service events] ; and
  2. Employ the following controls to achieve the denial-of-service objective: [Assignement: controls by type of denial-of-service event].

Discussion

Denial-of-service events may occur due to a variety of internal and external causes, such as an attack by an adversary or a lack of planning to support organizational needs with respect to capacity and bandwidth. Such attacks can occur across a wide range of network protocols (e.g., IPv4, IPv6). A variety of technologies are available to limit or eliminate the origination and effects of denial-of-service events. For example, boundary protection devices can filter certain types of packets to protect system components on internal networks from being directly affected by or the source of denial-of-service attacks. Employing increased network capacity and bandwidth combined with service redundancy also reduces the susceptibility to denial-of-service events.

Assessment Objective

  1. the effects of [Assignement: types of denial-of-service events] are [Selection: protect against; limit];
  2. [Assignement: controls by type of denial-of-service event] are employed to achieve the denial-of-service protection objective.

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing denial-of-service protection system design documentation list of denial-of-service attacks requiring employment of security safeguards to protect against or limit effects of such attacks list of security safeguards protecting against or limiting the effects of denial-of-service attacks system configuration settings and associated documentation system audit records system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities organizational personnel with incident response responsibilities system developer
SC-07 [L] Boundary Protection

Control

  1. Monitor and control communications at the external managed interfaces to the system and at key internal managed interfaces within the system;
  2. Implement subnetworks for publicly accessible system components that are [Selection: physically; logically] separated from internal organizational networks; and
  3. Connect to external networks or systems only through managed interfaces consisting of boundary protection devices arranged in accordance with an organizational security and privacy architecture.

Discussion

Managed interfaces include gateways, routers, firewalls, guards, network-based malicious code analysis, virtualization systems, or encrypted tunnels implemented within a security architecture. Subnetworks that are physically or logically separated from internal networks are referred to as demilitarized zones or DMZs. Restricting or prohibiting interfaces within organizational systems includes restricting external web traffic to designated web servers within managed interfaces, prohibiting external traffic that appears to be spoofing internal addresses, and prohibiting internal traffic that appears to be spoofing external addresses. [SP 800-189](#f5edfe51-d1f2-422e-9b27-5d0e90b49c72) provides additional information on source address validation techniques to prevent ingress and egress of traffic with spoofed addresses. Commercial telecommunications services are provided by network components and consolidated management systems shared by customers. These services may also include third party-provided access lines and other service elements. Such services may represent sources of increased risk despite contract security provisions. Boundary protection may be implemented as a common control for all or part of an organizational network such that the boundary to be protected is greater than a system-specific boundary (i.e., an authorization boundary).

Assessment Objective

    1. communications at external managed interfaces to the system are monitored;
    2. communications at external managed interfaces to the system are controlled;
    3. communications at key internal managed interfaces within the system are monitored;
    4. communications at key internal managed interfaces within the system are controlled;
  2. subnetworks for publicly accessible system components are [Selection: physically; logically] separated from internal organizational networks;
  3. external networks or systems are only connected to through managed interfaces consisting of boundary protection devices arranged in accordance with an organizational security and privacy architecture.

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing boundary protection list of key internal boundaries of the system system design documentation boundary protection hardware and software system configuration settings and associated documentation enterprise security architecture documentation system audit records system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities system developer organizational personnel with boundary protection responsibilities
SC-12 [L] Cryptographic Key Establishment and Management

Control

Establish and manage cryptographic keys when cryptography is employed within the system in accordance with the following key management requirements: [Assignement: requirements].

Discussion

Cryptographic key management and establishment can be performed using manual procedures or automated mechanisms with supporting manual procedures. Organizations define key management requirements in accordance with applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines and specify appropriate options, parameters, and levels. Organizations manage trust stores to ensure that only approved trust anchors are part of such trust stores. This includes certificates with visibility external to organizational systems and certificates related to the internal operations of systems. [NIST CMVP](#1acdc775-aafb-4d11-9341-dc6a822e9d38) and [NIST CAVP](#84dc1b0c-acb7-4269-84c4-00dbabacd78c) provide additional information on validated cryptographic modules and algorithms that can be used in cryptographic key management and establishment.

Assessment Objective

  1. cryptographic keys are established when cryptography is employed within the system in accordance with [Assignement: requirements];
  2. cryptographic keys are managed when cryptography is employed within the system in accordance with [Assignement: requirements].

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing cryptographic key establishment and management system design documentation cryptographic mechanisms system configuration settings and associated documentation system audit records system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities organizational personnel with responsibilities for cryptographic key establishment and/or management
SC-13 [L] Cryptographic Protection

Control

  1. Determine the [Assignement: cryptographic uses] ; and
  2. Implement the following types of cryptography required for each specified cryptographic use: [Assignement: types of cryptography].

Discussion

Cryptography can be employed to support a variety of security solutions, including the protection of classified information and controlled unclassified information, the provision and implementation of digital signatures, and the enforcement of information separation when authorized individuals have the necessary clearances but lack the necessary formal access approvals. Cryptography can also be used to support random number and hash generation. Generally applicable cryptographic standards include FIPS-validated cryptography and NSA-approved cryptography. For example, organizations that need to protect classified information may specify the use of NSA-approved cryptography. Organizations that need to provision and implement digital signatures may specify the use of FIPS-validated cryptography. Cryptography is implemented in accordance with applicable laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, and guidelines.

Assessment Objective

  1. [Assignement: cryptographic uses] are identified;
  2. [Assignement: types of cryptography] for each specified cryptographic use (defined in SC-13_ODP[01]) are implemented.

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing cryptographic protection system design documentation system configuration settings and associated documentation cryptographic module validation certificates list of FIPS-validated cryptographic modules system audit records system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities system developer organizational personnel with responsibilities for cryptographic protection
SC-15 [L] Collaborative Computing Devices and Applications

Control

  1. Prohibit remote activation of collaborative computing devices and applications with the following exceptions: [Assignement: exceptions where remote activation is to be allowed] ; and
  2. Provide an explicit indication of use to users physically present at the devices.

Discussion

Collaborative computing devices and applications include remote meeting devices and applications, networked white boards, cameras, and microphones. The explicit indication of use includes signals to users when collaborative computing devices and applications are activated.

Assessment Objective

  1. remote activation of collaborative computing devices and applications is prohibited except [Assignement: exceptions where remote activation is to be allowed];
  2. an explicit indication of use is provided to users physically present at the devices.

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing collaborative computing access control policy and procedures system design documentation system configuration settings and associated documentation system audit records system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities system developer organizational personnel with responsibilities for managing collaborative computing devices
SC-20 [L] Secure Name/Address Resolution Service (Authoritative Source)

Control

  1. Provide additional data origin authentication and integrity verification artifacts along with the authoritative name resolution data the system returns in response to external name/address resolution queries; and
  2. Provide the means to indicate the security status of child zones and (if the child supports secure resolution services) to enable verification of a chain of trust among parent and child domains, when operating as part of a distributed, hierarchical namespace.

Discussion

Providing authoritative source information enables external clients, including remote Internet clients, to obtain origin authentication and integrity verification assurances for the host/service name to network address resolution information obtained through the service. Systems that provide name and address resolution services include domain name system (DNS) servers. Additional artifacts include DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) digital signatures and cryptographic keys. Authoritative data includes DNS resource records. The means for indicating the security status of child zones include the use of delegation signer resource records in the DNS. Systems that use technologies other than the DNS to map between host and service names and network addresses provide other means to assure the authenticity and integrity of response data.

Assessment Objective

    1. additional data origin authentication is provided along with the authoritative name resolution data that the system returns in response to external name/address resolution queries;
    2. integrity verification artifacts are provided along with the authoritative name resolution data that the system returns in response to external name/address resolution queries;
    1. the means to indicate the security status of child zones (and if the child supports secure resolution services) is provided when operating as part of a distributed, hierarchical namespace;
    2. the means to enable verification of a chain of trust among parent and child domains when operating as part of a distributed, hierarchical namespace is provided.

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing secure name/address resolution services (authoritative source) system design documentation system configuration settings and associated documentation system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities organizational personnel with responsibilities for managing DNS
SC-21 [L] Secure Name/Address Resolution Service (Recursive or Caching Resolver)

Control

Request and perform data origin authentication and data integrity verification on the name/address resolution responses the system receives from authoritative sources.

Discussion

Each client of name resolution services either performs this validation on its own or has authenticated channels to trusted validation providers. Systems that provide name and address resolution services for local clients include recursive resolving or caching domain name system (DNS) servers. DNS client resolvers either perform validation of DNSSEC signatures, or clients use authenticated channels to recursive resolvers that perform such validations. Systems that use technologies other than the DNS to map between host and service names and network addresses provide some other means to enable clients to verify the authenticity and integrity of response data.

Assessment Objective

  1. data origin authentication is requested for the name/address resolution responses that the system receives from authoritative sources;
  2. data origin authentication is performed on the name/address resolution responses that the system receives from authoritative sources;
  3. data integrity verification is requested for the name/address resolution responses that the system receives from authoritative sources;
  4. data integrity verification is performed on the name/address resolution responses that the system receives from authoritative sources.

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing secure name/address resolution services (recursive or caching resolver) system design documentation system configuration settings and associated documentation system audit records system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities organizational personnel with responsibilities for managing DNS
SC-22 [L] Architecture and Provisioning for Name/Address Resolution Service

Control

Ensure the systems that collectively provide name/address resolution service for an organization are fault-tolerant and implement internal and external role separation.

Discussion

Systems that provide name and address resolution services include domain name system (DNS) servers. To eliminate single points of failure in systems and enhance redundancy, organizations employ at least two authoritative domain name system servers—one configured as the primary server and the other configured as the secondary server. Additionally, organizations typically deploy the servers in two geographically separated network subnetworks (i.e., not located in the same physical facility). For role separation, DNS servers with internal roles only process name and address resolution requests from within organizations (i.e., from internal clients). DNS servers with external roles only process name and address resolution information requests from clients external to organizations (i.e., on external networks, including the Internet). Organizations specify clients that can access authoritative DNS servers in certain roles (e.g., by address ranges and explicit lists).

Assessment Objective

  1. the systems that collectively provide name/address resolution services for an organization are fault-tolerant;
  2. the systems that collectively provide name/address resolution services for an organization implement internal role separation;
  3. the systems that collectively provide name/address resolution services for an organization implement external role separation.

Assessment Method

Examine

System and communications protection policy procedures addressing architecture and provisioning for name/address resolution services access control policy and procedures system design documentation assessment results from independent testing organizations system configuration settings and associated documentation system audit records system security plan other relevant documents or records

Interview

System/network administrators organizational personnel with information security responsibilities organizational personnel with responsibilities for managing DNS
SC-39 [L] Process Isolation

Control

Maintain a separate execution domain for each executing system process.

Discussion

Systems can maintain separate execution domains for each executing process by assigning each process a separate address space. Each system process has a distinct address space so that communication between processes is performed in a manner controlled through the security functions, and one process cannot modify the executing code of another process. Maintaining separate execution domains for executing processes can be achieved, for example, by implementing separate address spaces. Process isolation technologies, including sandboxing or virtualization, logically separate software and firmware from other software, firmware, and data. Process isolation helps limit the access of potentially untrusted software to other system resources. The capability to maintain separate execution domains is available in commercial operating systems that employ multi-state processor technologies.

Assessment Objective

a separate execution domain is maintained for each executing system process.

Assessment Method

Examine

System design documentation system architecture independent verification and validation documentation testing and evaluation documentation other relevant documents or records

Interview

System developers/integrators system security architect

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