3. For the purpose of the calculation of the ratio referred to in paragraph 1:
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(a)
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empty space shall mean the difference between the total volume of grouped packaging, transport packaging or e-commerce packaging and the volume of sales packaging contained therein;
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(b)
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empty space ratio shall mean the ratio of the empty space as defined in point (a) and the total volume of the grouped packaging, transport packaging or e-commerce packaging.
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Space filled by filling materials, such as paper cuttings, air cushions, bubble wraps, sponge fillers, foam fillers, wood wool, polystyrene or Styrofoam chips, shall be considered as empty space.