+Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (EBA/GL/2020/06)
---+1. Compliance and reporting obligations
------+Status of these guidelines
---------+1. This document contains guidelines issued pursuant to Article 16 of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010 …
---------+2. The guidelines set the European Banking Authority’s (EBA’s) view of appropriate supervisory …
------+Reporting requirements
---------+3. According to Article 16(3) of Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, competent authorities must notify …
---------+4. Notifications will be published on the EBA website, in line with Article 16(3) of Regulation …
---+2. Subject matter, scope and definitions
------+Subject matter
---------+5. These guidelines specify the internal governance arrangements, processes and mechanisms, as laid …
------+Scope of application
---------+6. These guidelines apply to institutions, as defined in point 3 of Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) …
---------+7. These guidelines apply to institutions’ internal governance arrangement and procedures in …
---------+8. Sections 4 and 8 apply in relation to all credit risk being taken by institutions, excluding …
---------+9. Sections 5 and 6 apply to loans to consumers, micro and small enterprises, and medium-sized and …
---------+10. Competent authorities may consider applying Sections 6 and 7 to creditors that fall within the …
---------+11. When, in the context of real estate lending, a property has a mixed use, such as residential …
---------+12. Competent authorities should ensure that institutions apply these guidelines on individual …
------+Addressees
---------+13. These guidelines are addressed to competent authorities, as defined in points (i), (iii), (vi) …
------+Definitions
---------+14. Unless otherwise specified, terms used and defined in Regulation (EU) No 575/2013, Directive …
---------+15. In addition, for the purposes of these guidelines, the following definitions apply: means a …
------+Proportionality
---------+16. In order to ensure a proportionate application of these guidelines, the following criteria …
---------+17. In relation to lending to consumers, institutions and creditors should ensure that the …
---+3. Implementation
------+Date of application
---------+18. These guidelines apply from 30 June 2021.
---------+19. Sections 5 and 6 apply to loans and advances that are originated after 30 June 2021. Section 5 …
---------+20. Section 7 applies to any valuation, monitoring and revaluation of immovable property and …
---------+21. Section 8 applies to all credit facilities originated after 30 June 2021.
------+Transitional provisions
---------+22. These specific provisions of the guidelines are subject to the following transitional …
------+Repeal
---------+23. The following guidelines are repealed, with effect from the date of application of these …
---+4. Internal governance for credit granting and monitoring
------+24. In addition to the provisions set out in the EBA Guidelines on internal governance …
------+4.1 Credit risk governance and culture
---------+25. The management body, as referred to in the EBA Guidelines on internal governance, in relation …
---------+26. Institutions should develop a credit risk culture as part of the overall risk culture through …
---------+27. The credit risk culture should include an adequate ‘tone from the top’ and ensure that credit …
---------+28. Institutions should ensure that a credit risk culture is implemented effectively across all …
---------+29. Institutions should adopt policies and processes to monitor adherence of all staff members …
------+4.2 Credit risk appetite, strategy and credit risk limits
---------+30. The credit risk appetite, credit risk strategy and the overall credit risk policy should be …
---------+31. The credit risk appetite should be implemented with the support of appropriate credit risk …
---------+32. Institutions should ensure that the credit risk appetite and associated metrics and limits are …
---------+33. For the purposes of managing concentration risk, institutions should set quantitative internal …
------+4.3 Credit risk policies and procedures
---------+34. Institutions should set out, in their credit risk policies and procedures, the criteria for …
---------+35. The objective followed in credit risk policies and procedures should be to promote a proactive …
---------+36. Credit risk policies and procedures should cover all lending activities, asset classes, client …
---------+37. Credit risk policies and procedures should include specific lending policies and procedures …
---------+38. Credit risk policies and procedures should specify: a. policies and procedures and rules for …
---------+39. Within their credit risk policies and procedures and building on the credit risk strategy …
---------+40. For the credit products that are offered to consumers, institutions should ensure that the …
---------+41. In their credit risk policies and procedures dealing with credit decision-making as referred to …
---------+42. Institutions should ensure that the credit risk policies and procedures are designed to …
---------+43. Institutions should review the credit risk policies and procedures on a regular basis, and for …
---------+44. Institutions should also specify in their policies how they identify, assess and manage the …
---------+45. Institutions should have internal processes to ensure that the information obtained for the …
---------+46. Institutions should have policies and procedures in place to ensure that the disbursement of …
---------+47. As part of their policies and procedures, institutions should have in place an overarching …
---------+48. The scope and implementation of the definition of a leveraged transaction by an institution …
---------+49. Institutions should define their appetite and strategy for leveraged transactions in a way that …
---------+50. Institutions should define their risk appetite for syndicating leveraged transactions and …
---------+51. Institutions should establish a sound governance structure for leveraged transactions, enabling …
---------+52. Institutions should ensure that all leveraged transactions are adequately reviewed, in line …
---------+53. When using technology-enabled innovation for credit-granting purposes, institutions should do …
---------+54. When using automated models for creditworthiness assessment and credit decision-making …
---------+55. Institutions should have adequate model documentation that covers: a. methodology, assumptions …
---------+56. Institutions should incorporate ESG factors and associated risks in their credit risk appetite …
---------+57. Institutions should take into account the risks associated with ESG factors on the financial …
---------+58. Institutions that originate or plan to originate environmentally sustainable credit facilities …
---------+59. Institutions should position their environmentally sustainable lending policies and procedures …
---------+60. Institutions should have appropriate data infrastructure as well as relevant policies and …
---------+61. The data infrastructure should be detailed and sufficiently granular to capture specific …
---------+62. For the purposes of designing and maintaining this data infrastructure, institutions should …
------+4.4 Credit decision-making
---------+63. Institutions should establish a clear and well-documented credit decision-making framework that …
---------+64. The structure of credit decision-makers should be in line with and integrated into credit risk …
---------+65. The credit decision-making framework should clearly articulate the decision-making powers and …
---------+66. When delegating credit decision-making powers, including limits, to members of staff …
---------+67. The credit decision-making framework should account for the risk perspective in the …
---------+68. The framework should also specify the working modalities of the credit committees and the roles …
---------+69. If the institutions grant specific veto rights in relation to positive credit decisions to the …
---------+70. Institutions should ensure that decisions taken by credit decision-makers are impartial and …
---------+71. Notwithstanding the governance structures implemented in institutions to operationalise the …
------+4.5 Credit risk management and internal control frameworks
---------+72. In accordance with the EBA Guidelines on internal governance, institutions should implement a …
---------+73. Risk management and internal controls for credit risk should be integrated into the …
---------+74. Institutions should establish regular and transparent reporting mechanisms so that the …
---------+75. Institutions should define, in a clear and transparent manner, the allocation of …
---------+76. The business lines and units originating the credit risk should be primarily responsible for …
---------+77. The institutions should have a risk management function, in line with the EBA Guidelines on …
---------+78. For the purposes of paragraph 75, institutions should consider the following areas/tasks: a. …
------+4.6 Resources and skills
---------+79. Institutions should have sufficient resources and staff allocated to credit risk taking and, in …
---------+80. Institutions should ensure that the staff members involved in credit granting, in particular …
---------+81. Staff involved in credit granting, including credit decision-making, credit risk management and …
------+4.7 Remuneration
---------+82. As part of the requirements of institutions’ remuneration policies set out in Articles 74, 75 …
---------+83. Institutions’ remuneration policies and practices should, in particular, ensure that the …
---+5. Loan origination procedures
------+5.1 Information and documentation
---------+84. Institutions and creditors should have sufficient, accurate and up-to-date information and data …
---------+85. For the purposes of the creditworthiness assessment of consumers, institutions and creditors …
---------+86. For the purposes of the creditworthiness assessment of micro, small, medium-sized and large …
---------+87. Institutions and creditors may use the already available information and data for existing …
---------+88. If the information and data are not readily available, institutions and creditors should …
---------+89. If institutions and creditors have concerns regarding the accuracy and reliability of the …
---------+90. Institutions and creditors should have an accurate single customer view that enables an …
---------+91. If the borrower is likely to face financial difficulties in meeting the contractual loan …
---------+92. If a loan agreement involves guarantees from third parties, institutions and creditors should …
---------+93. If the borrower is a member of a group of connected clients, institutions should collect the …
---------+94. Institutions and creditors should document the information and data that lead to credit …
------+5.2 Assessment of borrower’s creditworthiness
---------+95. Institutions should analyse the loan application of the borrower in order to ensure that the …
---------+96. Institutions and creditors should, in line with the relevant consumer protection legislation …
---------+97. Collateral, in the case of secured lending, by itself should not be a predominant criterion for …
---------+98. When assessing the borrower’s ability to meet obligations under the loan agreement …
---------+99. If the loan application is submitted jointly by more than one borrower, institutions and …
---------+100. If a loan agreement involves any form of guarantees from third parties, institutions should …
---------+101. For assessing the borrower’s ability to meet obligations under the loan agreement …
---------+102. This section further specifies factors relevant to assessing the prospect of the borrower to …
---------+103. When necessary, in particular in cases of borrowers who are self-employed or have seasonal or …
---------+104. If the loan term extends past the borrower’s expected retirement age, institutions and …
---------+105. Institutions and creditors should ensure that the borrower’s ability to meet obligations under …
---------+106. When assessing the borrower’s ability to meet obligations under the loan agreement …
---------+107. As part of the creditworthiness assessment, institutions and creditors should carry out …
---------+108. In cases of foreign currency loans as defined in Article 4(28) of Directive 2014/17/EU …
---------+109. For loan agreements that relate to an immovable property that explicitly state that the …
---------+110. In relation to loan agreements secured by immovable property, other than those covered in …
---------+111. If the property is still being constructed and intended to provide, upon completion, an income …
---------+112. For loan agreements that relate to an immovable property that explicitly state that the …
---------+113. As part of the creditworthiness assessment, institutions should carry out sensitivity analyses …
---------+114. This section further specifies the requirements to assess the creditworthiness of the borrower …
---------+115. Where necessary, in particular in cases of borrowers who are self-employed or have seasonal or …
---------+116. Institutions and creditors should ensure that the borrower’s ability to meet obligations under …
---------+117. As part of the creditworthiness assessment, institutions and creditors, if applicable, should …
---------+118. Institutions should assess the borrower’s current and future ability to meet the obligations …
---------+119. Institutions should consider that cash flow from the ordinary business activities of the …
---------+120. When assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower, institutions should put emphasis on the …
---------+121. When carrying out the creditworthiness assessment, institutions should: a. analyse the …
---------+122. Institutions should carry out the creditworthiness assessment in relation to the specificities …
---------+123. For assessing the borrower’s ability to meet obligations under the loan agreement …
---------+124. If the borrower is a member of a group of connected clients, institutions should carry out the …
---------+125. For lending activities with cross-border elements (e.g. trade finance, export finance) …
---------+126. Institutions should assess the borrower’s exposure to ESG factors, in particular environmental …
---------+127. In order to identify borrowers that are exposed, directly or indirectly, to increased risk …
---------+128. For the purposes of the analysis of the financial position within the creditworthiness …
---------+129. Institutions should ensure that the financial projections used in the analysis are realistic …
---------+130. If applicable, institutions should assess the financial position when granting loans to …
---------+131. When assessing the borrowers’ financial position, institutions should assess the …
---------+132. Institutions should assess the business model and strategy of the borrowers, including in …
---------+133. Institutions should assess the borrower’s knowledge, experience and capacity to manage …
---------+134. Institutions should assess the feasibility of the business plan and associated financial …
---------+135. Institutions should assess the borrower’s reliance on key contracts, customers or suppliers …
---------+136. Institutions should assess the presence of any potential key-person dependency with regard to …
---------+137. Institutions should assess any pledged collateral that is used for the purposes of risk …
---------+138. Institutions should assess any guarantees, covenants, negative pledge clauses and debt service …
---------+139. When relevant to credit decisions, institutions should assess the borrower’s equity and credit …
---------+140. If a loan agreement involves any form of guarantees from third parties, institutions should …
---------+141. Institutions should assess the borrower’s current and future ability to meet the obligations …
---------+142. Institutions should consider that cash flow from the ordinary business activities of the …
---------+143. When assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower, institutions should put emphasis on the …
---------+144. When carrying out the creditworthiness assessment, institutions should: a. analyse the …
---------+145. Institutions should carry out the creditworthiness assessment in relation to the specificities …
---------+146. Institutions should assess the borrower’s exposure to ESG factors, in particular environmental …
---------+147. If the borrower is a member of a group of connected clients, institutions should carry out the …
---------+148. For lending activities with cross-border elements (e.g. trade finance, export finance) …
---------+149. In order to identify borrowers that are exposed, directly or indirectly, to increased risks …
---------+150. For the purposes of the analysis of the financial position within the creditworthiness …
---------+151. Institutions should ensure that the projections used in the analysis are realistic and …
---------+152. Institutions should also assess the borrower’s capacity for future profitability, to measure …
---------+153. Institutions should perform an assessment of the cash conversion cycle of the borrower, to …
---------+154. Institutions should, when relevant, assess these financial metrics against the metrics and …
---------+155. Institutions should assess the financial position when granting loans to holding companies …
---------+156. Institutions should assess the sustainability and feasibility of the borrower’s financial …
---------+157. This sensitivity analysis should account for all general and asset class and product-specific …
---------+158. When carrying out a sensitivity analysis of the borrower’s repayment capacity under negative …
---------+159. Institutions should assess the business model and strategy of the borrowers, including in …
---------+160. Institutions should assess the borrower’s knowledge, experience and capacity to manage …
---------+161. Institutions should assess the feasibility of the business plan and associated financial …
---------+162. Institutions should assess the borrower’s reliance on key contracts, customers or suppliers …
---------+163. Institutions should assess any pledged collateral against the requirements for collateral set …
---------+164. Institutions should assess any guarantees, covenants, negative pledge clauses and debt service …
---------+165. Institutions should assess the borrower’s equity and credit enhancements, such as mortgage …
---------+166. If a loan agreement involves any form of guarantees from third parties, institutions should …
---------+167. If, in the syndicated lending or project finance transactions, the payment streams pass …
---------+168. When assessing the creditworthiness of the borrowers in cases of CRE lending, in addition to …
---------+169. Institutions should assess and verify the borrower’s experience in relation to the type, size …
---------+170. Institutions should carry out an assessment of the income-producing capacity of the property …
---------+171. In the assessment of the borrower’s repayment capacity, institutions should assess, where …
---------+172. In the assessment of the prospects of reletting any property, institutions should account for …
---------+173. When interest-only loans are advanced for CRE, institutions should assess property cash flow …
---------+174. For the purposes of the sensitivity analysis under adverse market and idiosyncratic events …
---------+175. When assessing the creditworthiness of the borrowers in cases of lending for real estate …
---------+176. The creditworthiness assessment should cover, in line with the life cycle of the loan, both …
---------+177. In the assessment of the development phase, institutions should establish that the borrower …
---------+178. Institutions should ensure that the calculation of costs associated with the development …
---------+179. Institutions should perform an assessment of the feasibility of any projected net sale proceed …
---------+180. Institutions should carry out on-site visits, where relevant accompanied by a suitably …
---------+181. In addition to assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower, institutions, when relevant …
---------+182. When assessing the creditworthiness of the borrowers in cases of leveraged transactions, in …
---------+183. Institutions should conduct a comprehensive assessment of a borrower’s capacity to repay or …
---------+184. When assessing the creditworthiness of borrowers in the case of shipping finance, in addition …
---------+185. Institutions should also consider other factors, such as the supply and demand in the market …
---------+186. In the case of loans to shipbuilding, institutions should establish that the borrower: a. has …
---------+187. When assessing the creditworthiness of the borrowers in cases of project finance, in addition …
---------+188. Institutions should assess the primary source of repayment of the loan, which is the income …
---------+189. As far as possible, institutions should ensure that all the assets of the project and the …
---------+190. In the assessment of the development phase of the project, institutions should establish that …
---------+191. Institutions should ensure that the calculation of costs associated with the development, as …
---------+192. In addition to assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower, institutions should assess …
------+5.3 Credit decision and loan agreement
---------+193. In order to carry out a reliable and accurate creditworthiness assessment, institutions and …
---------+194. The creditworthiness assessment performed in accordance with Section 5.2 should be properly …
---------+195. The decision to approve or decline the loan application (credit decision) should be taken by …
---------+196. The credit decision should be clear and well documented and include all the conditions and …
---------+197. The credit decision should clearly articulate a maximum period for its validity. If an …
---------+198. The conclusion of the credit agreement should not take place unless the institutions and …
---+6. Pricing
------+199. Pricing frameworks should reflect institutions’ credit risk appetite and business strategies …
------+200. Institutions should consider differentiating between their pricing frameworks, depending on …
------+201. Institutions should set out specific approaches to pricing promotional loans, when risk-based …
------+202. Institutions should consider, and reflect in loan pricing, all relevant costs until the next …
------+203. For the purposes of pricing and measuring profitability, including cross-subsidisation between …
------+204. Institutions should transparently document and review the underlying cost allocation …
------+205. Institutions should implement ex ante transaction tools and regular ex post monitoring …
---+7. Valuation of immovable and movable property
------+7.1 Valuation at the point of origination
---------+206. When a credit facility is secured by an immovable or movable property collateral, institutions …
---------+207. Institutions should ensure that the property collateral is valued in accordance with …
---------+208. When applicable, institutions should take into account ESG factors affecting the value of the …
---------+209. At the point of origination, institutions should ensure that the value of all immovable …
---------+210. As a derogation from paragraph 209, for the purposes of a valuation of residential real estate …
---------+211. When institutions use external valuers, they should establish a panel (a list) of accepted …
---------+212. Institutions should ensure that the valuers provide an impartial, clear, transparent and …
---------+213. At the end of the valuation process, institutions should ensure that they have obtained, for …
---------+214. Institutions should critically review the valuation they receive, from the valuer, in …
---------+215. At the point of origination, institutions should ensure that the value of all movable property …
---------+216. When applicable, institutions should set out, in their policies and procedures, approaches for …
---------+217. When institutions use external valuers, they should establish a panel (selection) of accepted …
---------+218. For movable property collateral that is subject to an individual valuation by a valuer …
---------+219. For movable property subject to a valuation by statistical models, institutions should ensure …
---------+220. Institutions should have adequate IT processes, systems and capabilities in place and …
------+7.2 Monitoring and revaluation
---------+221. When monitoring property values as laid down in Article 208(3) of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 …
---------+222. Institutions should set out appropriate frequencies for monitoring the value of the …
---------+223. Institutions should ensure that any indices and statistical models used to monitor the value …
---------+224. Institutions should have policies and procedures for the revaluation of immovable property …
---------+225. When the conditions for a review in accordance with Article 208(3)(b) of Regulation (EU) No …
---------+226. When the conditions for a review in accordance with Article 208(3)(b) of Regulation (EU) No …
---------+227. For the monitoring of movable property collateral, institutions may rely on appropriate …
---------+228. Institutions should, in their policies and procedures, set out approaches to using a valuer or …
---------+229. Institutions’ policies and procedures should include, when applicable, criteria for individual …
---------+230. Institutions should have adequate IT processes, systems, capabilities and sufficient data for …
------+7.3 Criteria for valuers
---------+231. Institutions should ensure that a valuer carrying out the valuation or revaluation tasks: a. …
---------+232. Institutions should ensure that the fee or the salary of the valuer and the result of the …
---------+233. Institutions should assess the performance of the valuers, in particular the accuracy of the …
---------+234. In order to mitigate any conflict of interest sufficiently, institutions should take …
---------+235. Institutions should ensure an adequate rotation of valuers and define the number of sequential …
------+7.4 Criteria for advanced statistical models for valuation
---------+236. Institutions should set out, in their policies and procedures, the criteria for using advanced …
---------+237. Institutions should ensure that the advanced statistical models used are: a. property and …
---------+238. When using these advanced statistical models, institutions are ultimately responsible for the …
---------+239. Institutions should have adequate IT processes, systems and capabilities in place and …
---+8. Monitoring framework
------+8.1 General provisions for the credit risk monitoring framework
---------+240. Institutions should have a robust and effective monitoring framework, supported by an adequate …
---------+241. The monitoring framework should enable institutions to manage and monitor their credit risk …
---------+242. Institutions should ensure that the credit risk monitoring framework is well defined and …
---------+243. Institutions should consider, in the design and implementation of their credit risk monitoring …
---------+244. The monitoring process should be based on a principle of follow-up action to support and …
---------+245. The credit risk monitoring framework should cover the following: a. the payment behaviour of …
---------+246. The monitoring framework and data infrastructure should allow institutions to follow the …
---------+247. Institutions should ensure that the credit risk monitoring framework and data infrastructure …
---------+248. As part of credit risk monitoring and reporting, institutions should identify the relevant …
---------+249. When monitoring credit risk, institutions should have appropriate methodologies and practices …
---------+250. Institutions should ensure that operational metrics relating to credit risk governance are …
------+8.2 Monitoring of credit exposures and borrowers
---------+251. As part of the monitoring of credit exposures and borrowers, institutions should monitor all …
---------+252. Institutions should also monitor whether the borrower and collateral are in line with the …
---------+253. Institutions should continuously monitor and assess the quality of credit exposures and the …
---------+254. The ongoing monitoring should be based on internal information regarding the credit facilities …
---------+255. In addition, institutions should also monitor concentration measures against the values …
---------+256. Institutions engaged in syndicating leveraged transactions should implement internal standards …
------+8.3 Regular credit review of borrowers
---------+257. Institutions should also perform regular credit reviews of borrowers that are at least …
---------+258. The review process and frequency should be specific and proportionate to the type and risk …
---------+259. To this end, institutions should also, if appropriate, periodically update relevant financial …
---------+260. Institutions should carry out periodic reviews for the purposes of the assessment of the …
---------+261. Borrowers’ credit reviews should include an assessment of existing debt and borrowers’ …
---------+262. Institutions should assess risks associated with the refinancing of existing debt, monitoring …
---------+263. A regular credit risk review should take into consideration both the individual and the total …
---------+264. If applicable, institutions should also review guarantors under the credit facility agreement. …
---------+265. In addition to monitoring credit and financial metrics, institutions should take into account …
------+8.4 Monitoring of covenants
---------+266. Where relevant and applicable to specific credit agreements, institutions should monitor and …
---------+267. Where applicable, institutions should monitor borrowers’ adherence to the covenants agreed in …
---------+268. Institutions should also monitor non-financial covenants not only by collecting the covenant …
------+8.5 Use of early warning indicators/watch lists in credit monitoring
---------+269. As part of their monitoring framework, institutions should develop, maintain and regularly …
---------+270. The EWIs should have defined trigger levels set with regard to the levels specified in credit …
---------+271. The EWI framework should contain a description of the relevance of the indicators in relation …
---------+272. On identifying a triggered EWI event at the level of an individual exposure, portfolio …
---------+273. When the actions include interaction with the borrower, institutions should have regard to …
---------+274. As part of their ongoing monitoring of credit risk, institutions should consider the following …
---------+275. When an EWI has been triggered for closer monitoring and further investigation, immediate …
---------+276. Relevant credit decision-makers should, based on the abovementioned analysis and other …
---------+277. Triggering EWIs should lead to an increased frequency in the reviewing process, including …
---+Annex 1 — Credit-granting criteria
------+1. Customer acceptance criteria, i.e. customer types, customer age limits, customer credit record
------+2. Definition of acceptable income
------+3. Minimum requirements for collateral
------+4. Minimum requirements for guarantees
------+5. Maximum loan amounts
------+6. Maximum loan maturities
------+7. Amortisation requirements (including interest rate type for the loans)
------+8. Risk-based limits (concentration, type of product, etc.)
------+9. Acceptable loan-to-value ratio limits (for secured lending)
------+10. Acceptable loan-to-income ratio limits
------+11. Acceptable debt-to-income ratio limits
------+12. Acceptable income-to-total-credit-obligation ratio limits (including for gross income, income …
------+13. Acceptable maximum size of loan to repayment capacity
------+14. Compliance policy with macroprudential requirements, when relevant Lending to micro, small …
------+1. Specification of geographical markets and economic sectors
------+2. Customer acceptance criteria, i.e. for specific PDs, external ratings, customer types, track …
------+3. Minimum requirements for revenues, cash flow and financial projections
------+4. Minimum requirements for collateral
------+5. Minimum requirements for guarantees and credit enhancements
------+6. Minimum requirements for acceptable covenants
------+7. Requirements for the drawdown of the loan to the borrower
------+8. Maximum loan amounts
------+9. Appropriate limits on partial recourse or non-recourse loans
------+10. Maximum loan maturities
------+11. Amortisation schedules and standards for the acceptability of and limits on non-amortising …
------+12. Risk-based limits (towards concentration, type of product, etc.)
------+13. Acceptable loan-to-value ratio limits (for secured lending)
------+14. Acceptable debt-servicing coverage ratio limits
------+15. Acceptable interest coverage ratio limits
------+16. Acceptable EBITDA limits
------+17. Acceptable leverage ratio limits
------+18. Acceptable debt-to-equity ratio limits
------+19. Acceptable loan-to-cost ratio limits
------+20. Acceptable cash-flow-to-debt-service ratio limits
------+21. Acceptable return on equity ratio limits
------+22. Acceptable capitalisation rate (net operating income/market value) limits
------+23. Standards to address and mitigate risks associated with environmental risk
------+24. Compliance policy with macroprudential requirements, when relevant Commercial real estate …
------+1. Specific forms of CRE that an institution intends to finance (office, retail, industrial and …
------+2. The minimum levels of equity to be provided by the borrower and the market value of the CRE …
------+3. Risk-based limits for lending for speculative development lending
------+4. Standards to assess the various stages of the CRE development/construction in relation to the …
------+5. Minimum standards regarding requirements for performance and payment bonds and title insurance
------+6. Minimum standards to ensure a minimum level of oversight of the construction via a contracted …
------+7. Minimum standards to effectively assess the suitability and experience of any contractors or …
------+8. Minimum standards for pre-leasing/pre-selling requirements for CRE Shipping finance In addition …
------+1. The purpose of the finance (i.e. shipbuilding, purchase, operating)
------+2. The type of financing (mortgage-backed loans, newbuilding financing, unsecured/corporate loans …
------+3. Basic terms of the loan agreement (maximum duration based on the life of the vessel), maximum …
------+4. Minimum requirements for the certificates needed (classification, pollution, safety, etc.)
------+5. Minimum requirements for acceptable registries/‘flags’
------+6. Minimum requirements for acceptable classification societies
---+Annex 2 — Information and data for the creditworthiness assessment
------+1. Evidence of identification
------+2. Evidence of residence
------+3. Where applicable, information on the purpose of the loan
------+4. Where applicable, evidence of eligibility for the purposes of the loan
------+5. Evidence of employment, including the type, sector, status (e.g. full-time, part-time …
------+6. Evidence of income or other sources of repayment (including annual bonus, commission, overtime …
------+7. Information on financial assets and liabilities, e.g. savings account statements and loan …
------+8. Information on other financial commitments, such as child maintenance, education fees and …
------+9. Information on household composition and dependants
------+10. Evidence of tax status
------+11. Where applicable, evidence of life insurance for the named borrowers
------+12. Where applicable, data from credit registers or credit information bureaux or other relevant …
------+13. Information on the collateral, if any
------+14. Evidence of ownership of the collateral
------+15. Evidence of the value of the collateral
------+16. Evidence of insurance of the collateral
------+17. Information on guarantees, other credit risk mitigating factors and guarantors, if any
------+18. Rental agreement or evidence of potential rental income for buy-to-let loans, if any
------+19. Permissions and cost estimates, if applicable, for real estate building and improvement loans …
------+1. Information on the purpose of the loan
------+2. Where relevant, evidence of the purpose of the loan
------+3. Financial statements and accompanying notes on single entity and consolidated levels (balance …
------+4. Aged debtor reports/statements
------+5. Business plan both for the borrower and in relation to the purpose of the loan
------+6. Financial projections (balance sheet, profit or loss, cash flow)
------+7. Evidence of tax status and tax liabilities
------+8. Data from credit registers or credit information bureaux, covering at least the information on …
------+9. Information on the borrower’s external credit rating, where applicable
------+10. Information on existing covenants and the borrower’s compliance with them, where relevant
------+11. Information on major litigations involving the borrower at the time of application
------+12. Information on the collateral, if any
------+13. Evidence of ownership of the collateral, where applicable
------+14. Evidence of the value of the collateral
------+15. Evidence of insurance of the collateral
------+16. Information on the enforceability of the collateral (in the case of specialised lending, a …
------+17. Information on guarantees, other credit risk mitigating factors and guarantors, if any
------+18. Information on ownership structure of the borrower for the purposes of AML/CFT C. Commercial …
------+1. Information on rent levels, vacancy and tenants, including contracts for the particular property …
------+2. Information on the type of property portfolio
------+3. Evidence of vacancy and turnover rates for the portfolio, per property type, property age and …
------+4. Evidence of rent levels per property type, property age and location
------+5. Information on major tenants per property type, property age and location
------+6. Information on the rationale for the property associated with the loan, supported by a …
------+7. Evidence of the value of the collateral and separate units of the property collateral, where …
------+1. Evidence of experience in similar projects and similar asset types, e.g. offices, retail and …
------+2. Information on any ongoing project being developed by the borrower
------+3. Evidence of planning and building permits
------+4. Information on builders, architects, engineers and contractors
------+5. Evidence of contracts with contractors and relevant documentation on the development, including …
------+6. Information on the rationale for the development, supported by a location-specific review of …
------+7. Evidence of cost estimates and a timeline for the development, including contingencies for the …
------+1. Evidence of experience in a similar type of vessel and segment
------+2. Evidence of ownership of assets with information on the vessels, e.g. name, registration number …
------+3. Information on insurance and classification of assets by a classification society acceptable to …
------+4. Evidence of compliance with safety and environmental regulations governing the shipping industry
------+5. Information, based on market data, on each type of vessel and segment outlooks, e.g. …
------+6. Evidence of off-balance-sheet obligations, such as chartered in vessels and forward freight …
------+1. Information on the business plan related to the project
------+2. Evidence of experience in similar projects
------+3. Information on any ongoing project being developed by the borrower
------+4. Evidence of planning and building permits related to the project
------+5. Information on builders, architects, engineers and contractors
------+6. Evidence of contracts with contractors and relevant documentation on the development, including …
------+7. Information on the rationale for the development, supported by a location-specific review of …
------+8. Evidence of cost estimates and a timeline, including contingencies for the development …
---+Annex 3 — Metrics for credit granting and monitoring
------+1. Loan to income
------+2. Loan service to income
------+3. Debt to income
------+4. Debt service to income
------+5. LTV B. Lending to micro, small, medium-sized and large enterprises
------+6. Equity ratio (shareholders’ equity divided by total assets)
------+7. (Long-term) debt-to-equity ratio
------+8. EBITDA
------+9. Debt yield (net operating income/loan amount)
------+10. Interest bearing debt/EBITDA
------+11. Enterprise value (sum of market value of common stock, market value of preferred equity, market …
------+12. Capitalisation rate (net operating income/market value)
------+13. Asset quality
------+14. Total debt service coverage ratio (EBITDA) over total debt service
------+15. Cash debt coverage ratio (net cash provided by operating activities over the average current …
------+16. Coverage ratio (total current assets divided by total short-term debt)
------+17. Future cash flow analysis
------+18. Return on assets
------+19. Debt service
------+20. Loan to cost (LTC)
------+21. Interest coverage ratio
------+22. Return on equity ratio (net income after interest and tax over average shareholders’ equity)
------+23. Return on capital employed
------+24. Net profit margin
------+25. Turnover evolution C. Real estate development lending
------+26. Fixed-assets-to-equity ratio
------+27. LTV
------+28. Location and quality of properties
------+29. LTC
------+30. DSCR for CRE activities
------+31. Occupancy rates evolution Profitability
------+32. Rental income to CRE-related interest expenses D. Leveraged finance, asset-based lending and …
------+33. Value of acquisition goodwill
------+34. Ring-fencing
------+35. LTV
------+36. Adherence to business plan
------+37. Leverage ratio (total debt over EBITDA)
------+38. Repayment capacity E. Shipping finance
------+39. Leverage ratio
------+40. Rating
------+41. Repayment from operating cash flow
------+42. Repayment from guarantor
------+43. Repayment from vessel’s sale
------+44. Outstanding payments
English - European Union - Financial Industry -

Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (EBA/GL/2020/06)

Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (EBA/GL/2020/06)

https://www.eba.europa.eu/activities/single-rulebook/regulatory-activities/credit-risk/guidelines-loan-origination-and-monitoring – PDF

1. Overview

,
Summary Regulation
1. Compliance and reporting obligations

1. Compliance and reporting obligations

2. Subject matter, scope and definitions

2. Subject matter, scope and definitions

3. Implementation

3. Implementation

4. Internal governance for credit granting and monitoring

4. Internal governance for credit granting and monitoring

5. Loan origination procedures

5. Loan origination procedures

6. Pricing

6. Pricing

7. Valuation of immovable and movable property

7. Valuation of immovable and movable property

8. Monitoring framework

8. Monitoring framework

Annex 1 — Credit-granting criteria

This annex provides a set of criteria to be considered in the design and documentation of credit-granting criteria, in accordance with these guidelines.

Lending to consumers

Annex 2 — Information and data for the creditworthiness assessment

This annex provides a set of information, data items and evidence to be considered by institutions and creditors when collecting information for the purposes of creditworthiness assessment, in accordance with these guidelines. When relevant and more appropriate, e.g. when using automated models in credit granting, institutions and creditors may use other types/sources of information and data of an economic or financial nature that are necessary for the assessment, in compliance with the applicable legislation and in particular Directive 2008/48/EC, Directive 2014/17/EU and Regulation (EU) 2016/679.

A. Lending to consumers

Annex 3 — Metrics for credit granting and monitoring

This annex provides a set of credit-specific metrics to be considered by institutions and creditors when performing creditworthiness assessments and credit risk monitoring, in accordance with these guidelines. Where relevant and more appropriate, institutions and creditors may use other metrics for that purpose.

A. Lending to consumers

1.1 References

1.2 Identified Requirements

1.3 Related Standards

2. Identified Requirements

Requirements
Source Requirement

3. Related Standards

Standards
Source Requirement
  • EBA - Published by the European Banking Authority at https://www.eba.europa.eu/